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A References list is an essential part of a research paper. The list is provided to indicate the sources of information used to formulate the content and ideas presented in the paper. Each entry in a References list is written following a specific citation format. Examples of citations following American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines for various types of information sources available on the World Wide Web are given below.
Notes: (1) To conserve space on this Guide, citations longer than one line are shown single-spaced. When composing an actual References list, citations longer than one line should be double-spaced. (2) A variation of using an underline for titles is using italics. Check with your instructor before using this variation. (3) The fourth edition of the APA Publication Manual refers on page 218 to Li and Crane's 1993 edition of Electronic Styles for citing online sources. The citation elements presented in this Guide are based largely on Li and Crane's 1996 Electronic Styles (2nd edition).
The following titles discuss in greater detail the use of APA guidelines for citing online sources:
American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Crane, N. (1997). Electronic sources: APA style of citation [Online]. Available: http://
www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/apa.html [2000, Aug. 31].
Li, X., & Crane, N. B. (1996). Electronic styles: A handbook for citing electronic information
(2nd ed.). Medford, NJ: Information Today.
: : : : :
Encyclopedia Article Article title. (Year). In Encyclopedia title (edition if any), [Online].
(No Author) Available: online address of article [Date of Access].
Example: Social psychology. (1999). In Encyclopaedia Britannica [Online].
Available: http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/8/
0,5716,117538,00.html#Article [1999, November 15].
Online Book or Author. (Year). Title (edition if any), [Online]. Available: online
Individual Work address [Date of Access].
Example: Hamling, J. (1995). A review of the Freudian perspective on human
motivation [Online]. Available:http://www.psychologie.uni-bonn.de/
online-documents/lit_ww.htm [1999, November 19].
Article in an Article Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Title [Online], volume
Online Journal number, inclusive paging if given or other indicator of length. Available:
online address of article [Date of Access].
Example: Curran, T. (1995). On the neural mechanisms of sequence learning.
Psyche [Online], 2, 71 paragraphs. Available: http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/
v2/psyche-2-12-curran.html [1999, November 15].
Article in an Article Author. (Date). Article title. Magazine Title [Online], volume
Online Magazine number if given, inclusive paging if given or other indicator of length.
Available: online address of article [Date of Access].
Example: Walther, E. S., & Ritchie, W. F. (1998, April 15). Counseling the adult
college student. Self Help and Psychology Magazine, 8 paragraphs. Available:
http://www.shpm.com/ppc/viewpoint/adultst.html [1999, November 22].
Article in an Article Author. (Date). Article title. Newspaper Title (edition if given),
Online Newspaper [Online], page(s) or starting page and length. Available: online address of
article [Date of Access].
Example: McManis, S. (1999, March 12). Teams use heads up approach: JFK
psychology program helps preps. San Francisco Chronicle, [Online], p. 4.
Available: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/
1999/03/12/CC49242.DTL [1999, November 22].
Journal Article Article Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Title [Online], volume
from a number(issue number), inclusive paging if given or other indicator of length.
Subscription Service Available: Supplier/Database name/item number [Date of Access].
Example: Koivusaari, R. (1999). Cognitive strategies and computer-supported
learning environments. Educational Psychology [Online], 19(3), 309(14pp.).
Available: Ebscohost/Masterfile Premier/2213691 [1999, November 22].
Magazine Article Article Author. (Date). Article title. Magazine Title [Online], volume
from a number if given, inclusive paging if given or other indicator of length.
Subscription Service Available: Supplier/Database name/item number [Date of Access].
Example: Chatterjee, C. (1999, September/October). Dreaming up a good mood.
Psychology Today [Online], 32, 20(2 pp.). Available: Ebscohost/Masterfile
Premier/2227975 [1999, November 22].
If you need help with citations or using any of the library's resources,
please ask a Reference Librarian for assistance.
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